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Paper Abstract and Keywords
Presentation 2026-03-03 17:15
Automatic Web UI Fingerprinting Based on IoT Firmware Analysis
Ryu Kuki, Shota Fujii, Takayuki Sasaki, Katsunari Yoshioka (Yokohama National Univ.) ICSS2025-112
Abstract (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) Fingerprinting is essential for understanding the real-world exposure of IoT devices that are unintentionally accessible on the Internet. However, conventional approaches based on Internet scan results cannot reliably confirm device models or firmware versions from scan responses alone. They also require manual investigation using physical devices to obtain ground truth, which makes large-scale and comprehensive evaluation difficult. This paper proposes an automated method for generating WebUI fingerprints by leveraging dynamic firmware analysis. We collect firmware images from vendor websites and emulate them in a virtual environment to extract WebUI artifacts, including HTML contents, screenshots, HTTP response headers, and related metadata. Because device identities are known at the time of collection, these artifacts provide reliable ground truth without requiring physical devices. Based on the extracted artifacts, we further use a large language model to generate search queries for device search engines such as Censys. We applied the proposed method to 3,159 firmware images that expose HTTP services. The method generated 553 distinct signatures and enabled the discovery of approximately 1.2 million Internet-accessible devices.
These results demonstrate that firmware-driven fingerprint generation provides a scalable and reliable approach to WebUI-based IoT device identification without requiring physical devices.
Keyword (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) IoT devices / Firmware / Fingerprinting / / / / /  
Reference Info. IEICE Tech. Rep., vol. 125, no. 381, ICSS2025-112, pp. 192-199, March 2026.
Paper # ICSS2025-112 
Date of Issue 2026-02-24 (ICSS) 
ISSN Online edition: ISSN 2432-6380
Copyright
and
reproduction		 All rights are reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Notwithstanding, instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. (License No.: 10GA0019/12GB0052/13GB0056/17GB0034/18GB0034)
Download PDF ICSS2025-112

Conference Information
Committee ICSS IPSJ-SPT  
Conference Date 2026-03-03 - 2026-03-04 
Place (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Place (in English) Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum 
Topics (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Topics (in English) Security, Trust, etc. 
Paper Information
Registration To ICSS 
Conference Code 2026-03-ICSS-SPT 
Language Japanese 
Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Sub Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Title (in English) Automatic Web UI Fingerprinting Based on IoT Firmware Analysis 
Sub Title (in English)  
Keyword(1) IoT devices  
Keyword(2) Firmware  
Keyword(3) Fingerprinting  
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1st Author's Name Ryu Kuki  
1st Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (Yokohama National Univ.)
2nd Author's Name Shota Fujii  
2nd Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (Yokohama National Univ.)
3rd Author's Name Takayuki Sasaki  
3rd Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (Yokohama National Univ.)
4th Author's Name Katsunari Yoshioka  
4th Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (Yokohama National Univ.)
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Speaker Author-1 
Date Time 2026-03-03 17:15:00 
Presentation Time 20 minutes 
Registration for ICSS 
Paper # ICSS2025-112 
Volume (vol) vol.125 
Number (no) no.381 
Page pp.192-199 
#Pages 8 
Date of Issue 2026-02-24 (ICSS) 

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