Information: Join today and make your research activities more affordable! Technical workshop participation fees and annual registration fees are available at member rates.
Notice: [Important] Announcement of Changes to Registration Fee Payment and Manuscript Upload Procedures for IEICE Technical Meetings
IEICE Technical Committee Submission System
Conference Paper's Information		 Online Proceedings
[Sign in]
Tech. Rep. Archives
 Go Top Page Go Previous   [Japanese] / [English] 

Paper Abstract and Keywords
Presentation 2026-03-04 10:10
Understanding Web-Exposed Cybercrime-Related Content on IoT Botnet Infrastructure
Qingxin Mao, Yin Minn Pa Pa, Rui Tanabe, Katsunari Yoshioka (YNU) ICSS2025-117
Abstract (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) In recent years, IoT botnets conducting cyberattacks such as DDoS attacks have become a significant threat, making it important to understand their operational realities. Prior work has characterized IoT botnet ecosystems by analyzing their growth and evolution, measuring properties of Command and Control (C2) and download-server infrastructure (e.g., lifetime and hosting environments). While these works show interesting findings on the IoT botnet, primarily works focused on the attacks and the devices involved, without addressing the relationship between the attacks and the attackers themselves. Therefore, it remains unclear if the attackers are utilizing their infrastructure for other cybercriminal activities beyond executing attacks. Our prior study investigated web-exposed content on IoT botnet infrastructure but focused only on the DDoS-for-hire cases. In this study, we broaden the scope to cover multiple cybercrime types and measure what other cybercrime activities are hosted on IoT botnet infrastructure. We conduct a one-year longitudinal crawling campaign of webpages exposed on IoT botnet infrastructure (Aug. 2024–Aug. 2025), collecting 43,406 rendered webpage screenshots from the infrastructure IPs and their associated domains. Using an LLM-based visual classifier, we identify 1,509 screenshots related to cybercrime, which corresponds to 3.48% of the raw dataset, suggesting that such cybercrime-related reuse of IoT botnet infrastructure is not pervasive in our observation. We then manually group screenshots with identical webpage content into cases and remove cases with low relevance to attacker-controlled infrastructure, resulting in 32 final cases of infrastructure reuse. These cases span all five cybercrime offence types (Types A–E), showing that the web-exposed content observed on IoT botnet infrastructure is not limited to a single category of cybercrime activity. Finally, our case-level analysis reveals that some cases appear across multiple infrastructure roles; this indicates that certain infrastructure IPs are used in multiple botnet-infrastructure roles (e.g., simultaneously appearing as C2/download/loader endpoints) while also exposing web content corresponding to other types of cybercrime activities.
Keyword (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) CaaS / IoT Botnet Infrastructure / Passive DNS / LLM / / / /  
Reference Info. IEICE Tech. Rep., vol. 125, no. 381, ICSS2025-117, pp. 231-238, March 2026.
Paper # ICSS2025-117 
Date of Issue 2026-02-24 (ICSS) 
ISSN Online edition: ISSN 2432-6380
Copyright
and
reproduction		 All rights are reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Notwithstanding, instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. (License No.: 10GA0019/12GB0052/13GB0056/17GB0034/18GB0034)
Download PDF ICSS2025-117

Conference Information
Committee ICSS IPSJ-SPT  
Conference Date 2026-03-03 - 2026-03-04 
Place (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Place (in English) Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum 
Topics (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Topics (in English) Security, Trust, etc. 
Paper Information
Registration To ICSS 
Conference Code 2026-03-ICSS-SPT 
Language English 
Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Sub Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Title (in English) Understanding Web-Exposed Cybercrime-Related Content on IoT Botnet Infrastructure 
Sub Title (in English)  
Keyword(1) CaaS  
Keyword(2) IoT Botnet Infrastructure  
Keyword(3) Passive DNS  
Keyword(4) LLM  
Keyword(5)  
Keyword(6)  
Keyword(7)  
Keyword(8)  
1st Author's Name Qingxin Mao  
1st Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (YNU)
2nd Author's Name Yin Minn Pa Pa  
2nd Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (YNU)
3rd Author's Name Rui Tanabe  
3rd Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (YNU)
4th Author's Name Katsunari Yoshioka  
4th Author's Affiliation Yokohama National University (YNU)
5th Author's Name  
5th Author's Affiliation ()
6th Author's Name  
6th Author's Affiliation ()
7th Author's Name  
7th Author's Affiliation ()
8th Author's Name  
8th Author's Affiliation ()
9th Author's Name  
9th Author's Affiliation ()
10th Author's Name  
10th Author's Affiliation ()
11th Author's Name  
11th Author's Affiliation ()
12th Author's Name  
12th Author's Affiliation ()
13th Author's Name  
13th Author's Affiliation ()
14th Author's Name  
14th Author's Affiliation ()
15th Author's Name  
15th Author's Affiliation ()
16th Author's Name  
16th Author's Affiliation ()
17th Author's Name  
17th Author's Affiliation ()
18th Author's Name  
18th Author's Affiliation ()
19th Author's Name  
19th Author's Affiliation ()
20th Author's Name  
20th Author's Affiliation ()
21st Author's Name  
21st Author's Affiliation ()
22nd Author's Name  
22nd Author's Affiliation ()
23rd Author's Name  
23rd Author's Affiliation ()
24th Author's Name  
24th Author's Affiliation ()
25th Author's Name  
25th Author's Affiliation ()
26th Author's Name / /
26th Author's Affiliation ()
()
27th Author's Name / /
27th Author's Affiliation ()
()
28th Author's Name / /
28th Author's Affiliation ()
()
29th Author's Name / /
29th Author's Affiliation ()
()
30th Author's Name / /
30th Author's Affiliation ()
()
31st Author's Name / /
31st Author's Affiliation ()
()
32nd Author's Name / /
32nd Author's Affiliation ()
()
33rd Author's Name / /
33rd Author's Affiliation ()
()
34th Author's Name / /
34th Author's Affiliation ()
()
35th Author's Name / /
35th Author's Affiliation ()
()
36th Author's Name / /
36th Author's Affiliation ()
()
Speaker Author-1 
Date Time 2026-03-04 10:10:00 
Presentation Time 20 minutes 
Registration for ICSS 
Paper # ICSS2025-117 
Volume (vol) vol.125 
Number (no) no.381 
Page pp.231-238 
#Pages 8 
Date of Issue 2026-02-24 (ICSS) 

[Return to Top Page]

[Return to IEICE Web Page]
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), Japan