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Paper Abstract and Keywords
Presentation 2026-03-05 15:00
[Poster Presentation] A Black-Box Watermark Trigger Set Generation Method under Luminance Constraints
Taichi Morinaka, Masaki Kawamura (Yamaguchi Univ.) EMM2025-126
Abstract (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) This study proposes a black-box digital watermarking method using discrete trigger sets with luminance constraints to protect convolutional neural network (CNN) models.
Methods that use common trigger sets, such as the Leroux et al. method, face practical challenges when generating trigger images with wide-ranging floating-point values, which complicates data handling and management.
To address this issue, we incorporate a sigmoid function into the trigger generation
process, which restricts pixel values within the interval [0,1].
By subsequently applying quantization to 256 levels, we generate "discrete trigger sets" that can be saved in general-purpose image formats.
Computer simulations demonstrate that, by setting the slope parameter of the sigmoid function appropriately, watermarks can be extracted with an extremely low bit error rate comparable to that of existing methods, while maintaining the original classification accuracy of the model after conversion to image formats.
Keyword (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) blackbox watermarking / trigger set / image format / / / / /  
Reference Info. IEICE Tech. Rep., vol. 125, no. 396, EMM2025-126, pp. 53-58, March 2026.
Paper # EMM2025-126 
Date of Issue 2026-02-26 (EMM) 
ISSN Online edition: ISSN 2432-6380
Copyright
and
reproduction		 All rights are reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Notwithstanding, instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. (License No.: 10GA0019/12GB0052/13GB0056/17GB0034/18GB0034)
Download PDF EMM2025-126

Conference Information
Committee EMM  
Conference Date 2026-03-05 - 2026-03-06 
Place (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Place (in English) Miyako Island Hirara Port Terminal Bldg. 
Topics (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Topics (in English)  
Paper Information
Registration To EMM 
Conference Code 2026-03-EMM 
Language Japanese 
Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Sub Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Title (in English) A Black-Box Watermark Trigger Set Generation Method under Luminance Constraints 
Sub Title (in English)  
Keyword(1) blackbox watermarking  
Keyword(2) trigger set  
Keyword(3) image format  
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1st Author's Name Taichi Morinaka  
1st Author's Affiliation Yamaguchi University (Yamaguchi Univ.)
2nd Author's Name Masaki Kawamura  
2nd Author's Affiliation Yamaguchi University (Yamaguchi Univ.)
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Speaker Author-1 
Date Time 2026-03-05 15:00:00 
Presentation Time 60 minutes 
Registration for EMM 
Paper # EMM2025-126 
Volume (vol) vol.125 
Number (no) no.396 
Page pp.53-58 
#Pages 6 
Date of Issue 2026-02-26 (EMM) 

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