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Paper Abstract and Keywords
Presentation 2026-03-06 13:00
A Multi-Layer Blockchain Architecture for NFT Auctions
Junhao Wu, Noriaki Kamiyama, Miyaji Hideaki (Ritsumeikan Univ.) NS2025-317
Abstract (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) With the proliferation of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), NFT auctions on the blockchain have become widely used as a form of digital content trading. NFT auctions require high-frequency transaction processing because bids from many participants are repeated in a short period. However, many conventional auctions are executed on a single blockchain, facing challenges such as soaring gas costs due to increased bidding and transaction processing delays caused by network congestion. Consequently, the scalability of the entire system is limited as the number of participants increases, making it difficult to realize large-scale auctions. In this paper, we propose an NFT auction architecture using a multi-layer blockchain to address these issues. The proposed method adopts a configuration where NFT custody and final settlement processing are performed on the main chain (Layer 1), while bidding processing is executed in parallel on multiple Layer 2 chains and sidechains. Furthermore, a Relayer collects the highest bid results obtained on each expansion chain and submits them to the main chain, where they are compared to determine the final winner, thereby reducing the load on the main chain. In the evaluation, we implemented the proposed method in an environment with multiple Layer 2 chains and sidechains and performed a numerical evaluation comparing it with a conventional single-chain NFT auction. The results showed that the proposed method contributes to reducing gas costs and processing delays, thereby improving scalability.
Keyword (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) Blockchain / NFTAuction / Layer2chain / Sidechain / / / /  
Reference Info. IEICE Tech. Rep., vol. 125, no. 385, NS2025-317, pp. 563-568, March 2026.
Paper # NS2025-317 
Date of Issue 2026-02-25 (NS) 
ISSN Online edition: ISSN 2432-6380
Copyright
and
reproduction		 All rights are reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Notwithstanding, instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. (License No.: 10GA0019/12GB0052/13GB0056/17GB0034/18GB0034)
Download PDF NS2025-317

Conference Information
Committee IN NS  
Conference Date 2026-03-04 - 2026-03-06 
Place (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Place (in English) Okinawa-Ken Shichoson Jichi Kaikan 
Topics (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Topics (in English) General 
Paper Information
Registration To NS 
Conference Code 2026-03-IN-NS 
Language Japanese 
Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Sub Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Title (in English) A Multi-Layer Blockchain Architecture for NFT Auctions 
Sub Title (in English)  
Keyword(1) Blockchain  
Keyword(2) NFTAuction  
Keyword(3) Layer2chain  
Keyword(4) Sidechain  
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1st Author's Name Junhao Wu  
1st Author's Affiliation Ritsumeikan University (Ritsumeikan Univ.)
2nd Author's Name Noriaki Kamiyama  
2nd Author's Affiliation Ritsumeikan University (Ritsumeikan Univ.)
3rd Author's Name Miyaji Hideaki  
3rd Author's Affiliation Ritsumeikan University (Ritsumeikan Univ.)
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Speaker Author-1 
Date Time 2026-03-06 13:00:00 
Presentation Time 25 minutes 
Registration for NS 
Paper # NS2025-317 
Volume (vol) vol.125 
Number (no) no.385 
Page pp.563-568 
#Pages 6 
Date of Issue 2026-02-25 (NS) 

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