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Paper Abstract and Keywords
Presentation 2026-06-20 16:00
Japanese EFL Learners’ Comprehension of the Relative Adverb Where
Hinata Ikemoto, Kentaro Nakatani (Konan U) TL2026-9
Abstract (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) This study examines how Japanese learners of English process sentences relative clause. In English, the relative pronoun which requires a gap in an argument position within a relative clause, whereas the relative adverb where, being an adjunct indicator, is not syntactically associated with an argument gap. In contrast, Japanese lacks relativizers altogether. If these properties give rise to L1 transfer effects in Japanese learners of English, both relative pronouns and relative adverbs will pose comparable learning difficulties. To investigate this issue, Japanese learners of English and native English speakers were compared using a 2 × 2 factorial design manipulating relativizer type (which vs. where) and object gap (presence vs. absence). As for the L2 learners, there was an interaction of the 2 factors such that the which-sentences with object gaps were judged grammatical more frequently than the ones without object gaps, while the where-sentences with did not show such a contrast. This indicates that Japanese L2 learners had more difficulties with where than with which. Native speakers performed better overall but also showed some tendency to accept where-sentences with object gaps.
Keyword (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
(in English) relative clause / relative adverb / self-paced reading / L2 comprehension / / / /  
Reference Info. IEICE Tech. Rep., vol. 126, no. 80, TL2026-9, pp. 43-48, June 2026.
Paper # TL2026-9 
Date of Issue 2026-06-13 (TL) 
ISSN Online edition: ISSN 2432-6380
Copyright
and
reproduction		 All rights are reserved and no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Notwithstanding, instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. (License No.: 10GA0019/12GB0052/13GB0056/17GB0034/18GB0034)
Download PDF TL2026-9

Conference Information
Committee TL  
Conference Date 2026-06-20 - 2026-06-21 
Place (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Place (in English) Hokkaido Univ. 
Topics (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Topics (in English) Language Processing and Language Learning 
Paper Information
Registration To TL 
Conference Code 2026-06-TL 
Language English 
Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Sub Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page) 
Title (in English) Japanese EFL Learners’ Comprehension of the Relative Adverb Where 
Sub Title (in English)  
Keyword(1) relative clause  
Keyword(2) relative adverb  
Keyword(3) self-paced reading  
Keyword(4) L2 comprehension  
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1st Author's Name Hinata Ikemoto  
1st Author's Affiliation Konan University (Konan U)
2nd Author's Name Kentaro Nakatani  
2nd Author's Affiliation Konan University (Konan U)
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Speaker Author-1 
Date Time 2026-06-20 16:00:00 
Presentation Time 30 minutes 
Registration for TL 
Paper # TL2026-9 
Volume (vol) vol.126 
Number (no) no.80 
Page pp.43-48 
#Pages 6 
Date of Issue 2026-06-13 (TL) 

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